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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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ILLUSION
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00079_Text_rel08t.txt
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1996-12-31
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Based on this experiment, we
can conclude that light-
intensity ratios yield the
varying shades of lightness. But
what about the problem of
constancy? The reader may
have already anticipated that
the ratio hypothesis also
elegantly explains constancy.
When the prevailing
illumination changes, it
affects the absolute luminance
of every surface but it does not
affect the ratios among them.
To test the hypothesis
rigorously, Wallach introduced
a second ring-and-disk pair, as
shown at left. Suppose the
absolute values in the first
pair are Ring: 2 and Disk: 1,
where the values are arbitrary
units and where the disk
appears to be a particular value
of gray. Suppose the absolute
value of the ring in the second
pair is 8. The observer is now
given the task of adjusting the
luminance in the disk of the
second pair until it appears to
have the same color as the disk
in Pair 1. The result, averaging
for all subjects over many
trials, was a setting very close
to 4, meaning that observers
selected a disk whose
luminance was 4 times as great
as that of the disk in Pair 1 to
which it was being matched.
More importantly for our
purposes, the result is quite
close to the predicted value of 4
based on the ratio of 2 to 1 in
Pair 1. Thus the hypothesis is
confirmed.
This phenomenon is
sometimes referred to as the
Hermann grid. It clearly
demonstrates that inhibitory
processes within the retina
influence effects of contrast,
and also lightness constancy.
However, higher-order
processes are undoubtedly
involved as well.